Among those who put their lives into the hands of people smugglers are all manner of desperate migrants from those looking for political asylum to those driven by hunger.

But what if those smugglers are cooperating with security people in order to stay in business? That's a question that haunts Shima Babaei, whose father Ebrahim disappeared late in 2021 while trying to escape their native Iran.

He was an opponent of the regime who paid a gang to smuggle him to Turkey to seek asylum. BBC Persian's reporter Jiyar Gol has been trying to unravel the mystery of what happened to Ebrahim Babaei.

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